金融術語

An acquisition is a transaction where one company buys another company, a business unit, or a controlling ownership stake.

ADAUSD is the market symbol for Cardano (ADA) priced in US dollars, where ADA is the native token of the Cardano blockchain and USD is the US dollar.

An alert is an automated notification on a trading platform that fires when a market condition you set is met.

An altcoin is any cryptocurrency other than Bitcoin.

Arbitrage is a trading strategy that profits from a price difference for the same asset, or closely related assets, across different markets.

An auction is a market mechanism where buyers and sellers compete to trade an instrument by submitting prices.

AUD/CAD expresses the value of the Australian dollar in Canadian dollars, or how many Canadian dollars one Aussie dollar will buy.

AUD/CHF pairs the Australian dollar with the Swiss franc, showing how many francs one Australian dollar will buy.

AUD/CNH is the Australian dollar quoted in offshore Chinese renminbi, showing how many offshore yuan one Australian dollar will buy.

AUD/JPY is the exchange rate between the Australian dollar and the Japanese yen, showing how many yen one Australian dollar will buy.

AUD/NZD is the exchange rate between the Australian dollar and the New Zealand dollar, showing how many New Zealand dollars one Australian dollar will buy.

AUD/SGD is the price of the Australian dollar in Singapore dollars, showing how many Singapore dollars it takes to buy one Australian dollar.

AUD/USD is the exchange rate between the Australian dollar and the US dollar, showing how many US dollars one Australian dollar will buy.

AUD/ZAR pairs the Australian dollar with the South African rand, expressing how many rand one Australian dollar will buy.

AVXUSD is the market symbol for Avalanche (AVAX) priced in US dollars, showing how many dollars one AVAX token is worth.

Accrual is an accounting method that records revenue when it is earned and expenses when they are incurred, rather than when cash changes hands.

An adjustment is a change made to a financial record, transaction, valuation, forecast, or statement to make it more accurate.

Aggregate demand is the total monetary value of all finished goods and services demanded in an economy at a given price level over a set period.

Alpha is a performance measure that shows how much an investment returns above or below its benchmark.

Amortisation is the process of spreading a cost or a repayment across a set period.

An asset is a resource owned or controlled by a person, company, or institution that has measurable economic value.

Appreciation is the increase in an asset's market value above its original purchase price or previous valuation.

Backwardation is a market condition in which the futures price of a commodity is lower than its current spot price, so contracts for nearer delivery cost more than those for later delivery.

Balance is the cash in a trading account after deposits, withdrawals, and closed trades.

A barrel, abbreviated bbl, is the standard unit of volume for crude oil and equals 42 US gallons, or about 159 litres.

BCHUSD is the market symbol for Bitcoin Cash (BCH) priced in US dollars, showing how many dollars one BCH coin will buy.

A bear is a trader or investor who expects a market, sector, or instrument to fall, and a bearish view is that same expectation of lower prices.

A bear market is a sustained period of falling prices across a financial market.

The bid is the highest price a buyer will pay for an instrument.

A Bitcoin halving is a scheduled event in Bitcoin's code that cuts the reward miners receive for adding a new block in half.

A black box is an automated trading system that generates buy and sell orders from pre-programmed rules, algorithms, or mathematical models.

A blockchain is a shared digital ledger that records transactions in linked blocks, each cryptographically tied to the one before it and copied across many computers.

A blue chip stock is a share in a large, well-established company with a strong market position, a reliable earnings record, and a large market capitalisation.

BNBUSD is the market symbol for BNB priced in US dollars, telling you how many dollars one BNB token will buy.

Bollinger Bands are a technical indicator, developed by John Bollinger, that plots a middle moving average with an upper and a lower band around it.

Brent crude is a major benchmark for pricing crude oil in global energy markets.

BRL is the currency code for the Brazilian real, the official currency of Brazil.

A broker is a financial intermediary that connects traders to markets and executes their buy and sell orders.

BTCUSD is the market symbol for Bitcoin (BTC) priced in US dollars, where BTC is the first and largest cryptocurrency and USD is the US dollar.

Buck is the colloquial term for the US dollar.

A bull is a trader or investor who expects a market, sector, or instrument to rise, and a bullish view is that same expectation of higher prices.

A bull market is a sustained period of rising prices across a financial market.

Buy and sell are the two basic actions in trading.

A bar chart is a price chart that shows the open, high, low, and close of an instrument for each time period.

Balance of trade is the difference between the value of a country's exports and the value of its imports over a set period.

The Bank of England is the central bank of the United Kingdom, also known as the BoE.

The Bank of Japan is the central bank of Japan, also known as the BoJ.

A base rate is the benchmark interest rate that a central bank sets as the starting point for borrowing and saving across an economy.

Beta is a measure of how sensitive an investment is to movements in the wider market.

A bond is a debt instrument that lets a government, municipality, or company borrow money from investors.

Book value is the net value of a company or an asset as recorded in the accounts.

Brexit is the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union.

Cable is the forex market's nickname for the GBP/USD currency pair, the exchange rate between the British pound and the US dollar.

CAD is the currency code for the Canadian dollar, the official currency of Canada.

CAD/CHF is the exchange rate between the Canadian dollar and the Swiss franc, the number of francs one Canadian dollar buys.

CAD/JPY is the exchange rate between the Canadian dollar and the Japanese yen, showing how many yen one Canadian dollar will buy.

A call option is a derivative contract that gives the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to buy an underlying asset at a set strike price before or on expiry.

A candlestick is a single mark on a price chart that shows the open, high, low, and close for one time period.

A candlestick chart is a chart that plots the open, high, low, and close prices of an instrument over a chosen time period.

Capitulation is a phase of heavy, panic-driven selling at the end of a sustained market decline.

A carry trade is a strategy that profits from the interest rate gap between two currencies, assets, or instruments.

CHF/JPY is the price of the Swiss franc in Japanese yen, showing how many yen one franc will buy.

CHF/ZAR is the Swiss franc expressed in South African rand, showing how many rand one franc will buy.

Clearing is the process that runs between the moment a trade is executed and the moment it settles.

A clearing house is the institution that sits between executed trades and sees them through to settlement.

CMPUSD is the market symbol for Compound (COMP) priced in US dollars, indicating how many dollars one COMP token is worth.

A cold wallet is a cryptocurrency wallet that keeps the private keys offline, with no standing connection to the internet.

Commission is a fee a broker, exchange, or intermediary charges for executing an order.

A commodity is a basic physical good used in production, consumption, or trade.

Consolidation is a phase where price moves sideways instead of trending up or down.

Contango is a market condition in which the futures price of a commodity is higher than its current spot price, so contracts for later delivery cost more than those for delivery soon.

A covered call is an options strategy that pairs owning an asset with selling a call option on that same asset.

Crude oil is unrefined petroleum extracted from underground reservoirs and refined into products such as petrol, diesel, jet fuel, heating oil, and petrochemicals.

Crude oil inventories are the volumes of crude held in storage at a given time, reported as the number of barrels sitting in tanks, terminals, and other facilities.

Crypto mining is the process of validating transactions and adding new blocks to a proof-of-work blockchain by solving a hard computational puzzle.

A cryptocurrency is a digital asset secured by cryptography that records ownership and transfers on a decentralised network rather than through a central authority.

A cryptocurrency CFD is a contract for difference that lets you trade the price movement of a crypto asset without owning the coin itself.

A cup and handle is a bullish chart pattern made of a rounded base followed by a smaller pullback.

A currency is the official money of a country, region, or monetary authority.

A currency pair is the quotation of two currencies traded against each other in the forex market.

A currency symbol is an identifier that represents a currency in financial markets.

Currency trading is the practice of exchanging one currency for another to profit from changes in their relative value.

Confirmation is the use of extra market evidence to verify a trading idea before you open or close a position.

CREST is the electronic settlement system for securities traded in the UK and Ireland.

A capital gain is the profit you make when you sell an asset for more than you paid for it.

Capital gains tax is a tax charged on the profit you make when you sell an asset for more than you paid for it.

Capitalise means to record a cost as a long-term asset on the balance sheet instead of charging it as an immediate expense on the income statement.

Cash flow is the net movement of cash and cash equivalents into and out of a business, project, or account over a set period.

Collateral is an asset a borrower pledges to a lender as security for a loan or other financial obligation.

Compound interest is interest calculated on both the original principal and the interest already added in earlier periods.

Contagion is the spread of financial stress from one market, country, sector, or asset class to another.

A credit default swap, or CDS, is a derivative contract that pays out if a borrower fails to repay a debt.

A credit rating is an assessment of how likely a borrower is to repay its debt on time.

A current account is the part of a country's balance of payments that records its trade in goods and services, its income from abroad, and its transfer payments with the rest of the world.

Current ratio is a liquidity measure that divides a company's current assets by its current liabilities.

The DAX index (Deutscher Aktienindex) is the main benchmark for Germany's equity market.

Day trading is the practice of buying and selling instruments inside a single trading day.

A deal is an executed transaction in which a buyer and seller agree to exchange an instrument at a set price and quantity.

A dealer is a person or firm that buys and sells instruments using its own capital.

Delta is an options Greek that measures how much an option's price is expected to move when the underlying asset moves by one unit.

Delta One is a class of financial product whose price moves almost one-for-one with an underlying asset, index, basket, or security.

A derivative is a financial contract whose value comes from an underlying asset, market, index, or rate.

A digital wallet is a software or hardware tool that stores the private keys giving you access to cryptocurrency on a blockchain.

Dilution is the fall in existing shareholders' ownership percentage that happens when a company issues new shares.

Diversification is the practice of spreading trading or investment capital across different instruments, asset classes, sectors, strategies, or regions.

A dividend is a share of a company's earnings or reserves paid to shareholders.

Dividend yield is a company's annual dividend per share expressed as a percentage of its share price.

DOGEUSD is the market symbol for Dogecoin (DOGE) priced in US dollars, showing how many dollars one DOGE coin will buy.

DOTUSD is the market symbol for Polkadot (DOT) priced in US dollars, telling you how many dollars one DOT token is worth.

The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) is a stock index that tracks 30 major US-listed companies.

Drawdown is the peak-to-trough decline in account balance or equity over a period.

Divergence is a technical analysis signal that appears when the price of an instrument and a technical indicator move in opposite directions.

A debenture is a debt security that a company or government issues to borrow money from investors.

Debt ratio is a leverage measure that divides a company's total debt by its total assets, usually shown as a percentage.

A deficit is a shortfall that arises when outgoings exceed incomings over a set period, such as spending above revenue or imports above exports.

Depreciation is an accounting method that spreads the cost of a tangible asset across the years it is expected to be useful.

A dove is a central bank policymaker who favours lower interest rates and looser monetary policy to support growth and employment.

Earnings per share, or EPS, is a company's net profit divided by its number of shares outstanding.

Earnings season is the stretch of weeks each quarter when most listed companies report their latest financial results.

An economic calendar is a trading tool that lists scheduled economic events, data releases, central bank meetings, and policy announcements.

EGP is the currency code for the Egyptian pound, the official currency of Egypt.

Engulfing is a candlestick pattern that forms when the body of one candle completely covers the body of the candle before it.

ETHUSD is the market symbol for ether (ETH), the native coin of the Ethereum network, priced in US dollars.

EUR/AUD is the exchange rate between the euro and the Australian dollar, showing how many Australian dollars one euro will buy.

EUR/CAD is the exchange rate between the euro and the Canadian dollar, showing how many Canadian dollars one euro will buy.

EUR/CHF tells you how many Swiss francs one euro will buy, the exchange rate between two of Europe's core currencies.

EUR/CNH is the euro measured against the offshore Chinese renminbi, showing how many offshore yuan one euro will buy.

EUR/CZK is the exchange rate between the euro and the Czech koruna, indicating how many koruna one euro will buy.

EUR/GBP is the exchange rate between the euro and the British pound, showing how many pounds one euro will buy.

EUR/HKD represents the euro priced in Hong Kong dollars, that is, how many Hong Kong dollars one euro will buy.

EUR/JPY is the exchange rate between the euro and the Japanese yen, showing how many yen one euro will buy.

EUR/NOK quotes the euro in Norwegian kroner, showing how many kroner one euro will buy.

EUR/NZD measures the euro against the New Zealand dollar, showing how many New Zealand dollars one euro buys.

The Euro Stoxx 50 is a eurozone blue-chip stock index, tracking 50 large companies based in eurozone countries and weighted by free-float market capitalisation.

EUR/SEK prices the euro in Swedish kronor, telling you how many kronor one euro will buy.

EUR/SGD is the exchange rate between the euro and the Singapore dollar, telling you how many Singapore dollars one euro will buy.

EUR/TRY is the exchange rate between the euro and the Turkish lira, showing how many lira one euro will buy.

EUR/USD is the exchange rate between the euro and the US dollar, showing how many US dollars one euro will buy.

An exchange is a centralised marketplace where financial instruments are bought and sold.

An exchange rate is the value of one currency expressed in another: the price at which you swap one for the other.

Execution is the completion of a buy or sell order in the market.

An expiry date is the final date on which a trading contract or instruction remains valid.

Exposure is the amount of financial risk tied to an open trade, asset, currency, sector, or portfolio.

EBITDA is a measure of a company's operating profitability that strips out financing, tax, and non-cash charges.

The ECB is the central bank of the eurozone, the group of countries that use the euro as their official currency.

EURIBOR is a benchmark interest rate that reflects the average rate at which major eurozone banks lend unsecured short-term funds to each other.

An emerging market is a country with an economy that is developing toward the income, infrastructure, and financial maturity of a developed market.

Equity is the ownership value left in an asset, company, or account after any liabilities are subtracted.

Euroclear is an international securities settlement system that completes and safekeeps trades in bonds, shares, and funds for banks and other financial institutions.

An exchange-traded fund, or ETF, is an investment fund that holds a basket of assets such as shares, bonds, or commodities and trades on a stock exchange like an ordinary share.

FAANG is a stock-market acronym for five large US technology companies: Meta Platforms, Apple, Amazon, Netflix, and Alphabet.

Fiat currency is government-issued money that is accepted as legal tender but is not backed by a physical commodity such as gold or silver.

Fiber, also spelled Fibre, is the forex slang term for the EUR/USD currency pair, where EUR is the base currency and USD is the quote currency.

Fibonacci retracement is a charting tool that uses set percentage levels to measure how far price has pulled back within a larger move.

A fill is the execution of an order: the point at which a buyer and seller are matched and the trade completes at the fill price.

A forex fix is a benchmark exchange rate set from market prices collected during a short window at a fixed time each day.

Flat means you hold no open position in a market.

Float is the number of a company's shares that are available for public trading.

The foreign exchange market (also the forex market or FX market) is the global market where currencies trade against each other.

FTSE (Financial Times Stock Exchange) is a family of indices run by FTSE Russell that track different groups of shares by market, sector, size, or theme.

The FTSE 100 (Financial Times Stock Exchange 100 Index) is the benchmark index for the UK equity market.

Fundamental analysis is a method of valuing a financial instrument by studying the factors that drive its worth.

The FCA is the United Kingdom's financial regulator, responsible for supervising the conduct of financial firms, financial markets, and the products they sell to consumers and businesses.

FOMC Minutes are the official record of a Federal Open Market Committee meeting, the gathering at which the US Federal Reserve sets monetary policy.

Fair value is an estimate of what an asset or liability is genuinely worth in an orderly transaction between a willing buyer and seller.

The Federal Reserve is the central bank of the United States, usually called the Fed.

A financial analyst is a professional who studies financial information to help a business, investor, or institution make decisions.

A financial institution is a company that provides financial services such as deposits, loans, investments, insurance, or payments.

A financial market is a system where financial instruments are bought and sold.

Financial risk is the chance that an actual financial outcome differs from the expected one, usually for the worse.

Financing is the way an individual, company, or government raises money to fund expenses, operations, investments, or growth.

A fund is a pool of capital gathered from multiple investors and put to work toward a shared objective.

Gamma is an options Greek that measures how fast an option's delta changes when the underlying price moves by one unit.

A gap is a price area on a chart where an instrument opens well above or below its previous close, with little or no trading in between.

GBP/AUD is the exchange rate between the British pound and the Australian dollar, showing how many Australian dollars one pound will buy.

GBP/CAD tracks the British pound against the Canadian dollar, showing how many Canadian dollars one pound will buy.

GBP/CHF is the exchange rate between the British pound and the Swiss franc, showing how many francs one pound will buy.

GBP/JPY is the exchange rate between the British pound and the Japanese yen, showing how many yen one pound will buy.

GBP/NOK measures the British pound against the Norwegian krone, or how many kroner one pound will buy.

GBP/NZD is the rate at which the British pound converts into New Zealand dollars, showing how many of the latter one pound will buy.

GBP/SEK measures the British pound against the Swedish krona and tells you how many krona one pound will buy.

GBP/SGD is the exchange rate between the British pound and the Singapore dollar, showing how many Singapore dollars one pound buys.

GBP/USD is the exchange rate between the British pound and the US dollar, showing how many US dollars one pound will buy.

Given is a dealer term for a trade completed when a seller accepts the buyer's bid price.

GLMUSD is the market symbol for Golem (GLM) priced in US dollars, showing how many dollars one GLM token will buy.

GMT is Greenwich Mean Time, the time at the Greenwich meridian used as a common reference across global markets.

Gold bullion is physical gold held for its metal content rather than any collectible, artistic, or face value.

Gold futures are standardised contracts to buy or sell a set amount of gold at an agreed price on a specified future date.

The gold/silver ratio is the number of troy ounces of silver it takes to buy one troy ounce of gold.

Gopher is the forex slang term for the USD/JPY currency pair, where USD is the base currency and JPY is the quote currency.

A grey market is an unofficial market where securities are bought and sold outside a formal exchange.

A growth stock is a share in a company expected to grow its revenue and earnings faster than the market average.

G7 is the Group of Seven, an informal forum of seven advanced economies: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

Gearing ratio is a measure of how much a company funds itself with debt compared with equity.

A gilt is a bond issued by the UK government to borrow money from investors.

Gross profit margin is the share of revenue a company keeps after subtracting the direct cost of producing its goods or services, expressed as a percentage.

A hammer candlestick is a single-candle pattern that can signal a bullish reversal after a price decline.

A handle is the whole-number part of a price quote, with the smaller decimals stripped off.

The Hang Seng Index is Hong Kong's benchmark stock index, tracking a selection of major companies listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange and weighted by free-float market capitalisation.

A hanging man candlestick is a single-candle pattern that can signal a bearish reversal after a price rise.

Hedging is a risk-management strategy that opens an offsetting position to reduce the potential loss on an existing trade or portfolio.

A horizontal line is a charting tool that marks one fixed price level across time.

A hot wallet is a cryptocurrency wallet that stays connected to the internet and stores the private keys needed to access and move funds.

An index is a benchmark that measures the price performance of a selected group of stocks.

An index CFD is a contract for difference that tracks the level of a stock index, letting you take exposure to a whole index without owning any of the constituent shares.

An indicator is a technical-analysis tool that runs a calculation on market data such as price, volume, or open interest.

An inflation hedge is an asset expected to hold or grow its real value when prices rise, protecting purchasing power as inflation erodes money.

Intervention is a deliberate action by a central bank, government, or regulator to influence markets, currency values, or financial stability.

An IPO, or initial public offering, is the first sale of a company's shares to the public on a stock exchange.

Income tax is a tax charged by a government on the income earned by individuals and businesses.

Inflation is a sustained rise in the general level of prices across an economy.

Interest is the cost of borrowing money or the return earned from lending or saving it.

An interest rate is the percentage charged for borrowing money or paid for lending, saving, or investing it.

Intrinsic value is the underlying worth of an asset judged from its fundamentals rather than its current market price.

An investor is a person, company, or institution that commits money to an asset, business, or fund in the expectation of earning a return.

A Junior ISA, short for Junior Individual Savings Account, is a tax-free savings and investment account for a child under 18 who lives in the UK.

Kiwi is the forex market's nickname for the New Zealand dollar, and for NZD pairs such as NZD/USD.

KSMUSD is the market symbol for Kusama (KSM) priced in US dollars, indicating how many dollars one KSM token is worth.

Latency is the time delay between a trader's action and the trading system's response.

The LBMA Gold Price is the twice-daily benchmark price for gold set through an electronic auction in London.

A level is a specific price, or narrow price area, that traders mark on a chart to anticipate a market reaction.

Leverage is the use of margin from a broker to control a position larger than your own deposit would allow.

Liquidity is how easily an instrument can be bought or sold without moving its price much.

LNKUSD is the market symbol for Chainlink (LINK) priced in US dollars, showing how many dollars one LINK token will buy.

Long is a position that profits when the price of an instrument rises.

Loonie is the forex slang term for the Canadian dollar, which uses the code CAD.

A lot is a standardised unit of trade size that sets how many units of an instrument you buy or sell in one transaction.

LTCUSD is the market symbol for Litecoin (LTC) priced in US dollars, telling you how many dollars one LTC coin is worth.

Liquidation is the forced closure of a leveraged position by a broker or exchange when your margin falls below the level required to keep the position open.

A limit order is an instruction to buy or sell an instrument at a set price or better.

LIBOR (the London Interbank Offered Rate) is a discontinued benchmark interest rate that estimated the cost of unsecured short-term borrowing between major global banks.

A liability is a financial obligation that a person, business, or institution must repay or settle in the future.

Majors are the major currency pairs in the forex market: the US dollar paired with another heavily traded currency such as the euro, British pound, Japanese yen, Swiss franc, Australian dollar, Canadian dollar, or New Zealand dollar.

Margin is the deposit you put up to open and hold a leveraged position.

A margin call is a broker's demand that you add funds or reduce exposure once your account equity falls below the required margin level.

Margin trading is the practice of using borrowed funds, or broker-provided leverage, to open positions larger than your own cash would allow.

Market capitalisation is the total market value of a company's shares.

A market maker is a firm or trader that quotes both a bid price and an ask price for an instrument and stands ready to trade at those prices.

Market price is the price at which an instrument can be bought or sold right now.

A market-cap-weighted index is a stock index in which each company's weight is set by its market value, or market capitalisation, calculated as share price multiplied by shares outstanding.

A merger is a transaction where two companies combine into a single company or operate under one corporate structure.

MetaTrader is a trading platform used to analyse markets, place orders, and manage open positions.

A moving average is a technical indicator that averages an instrument's price over a set number of periods and plots the result as a single line.

A market order is an instruction to buy or sell an instrument immediately at the best available price.

M2 money supply is a broad measure of the money available in an economy.

Mark to market is a valuation method that records an asset or liability at its current market price rather than its original cost.

Market value is the price that buyers and sellers will accept for an asset in an open market.

Maturity is the date when a financial instrument reaches the end of its agreed term and the principal falls due.

The multiplier effect is the process by which an initial change in spending or investment produces a larger total change in economic output.

A mutual fund is a pooled investment vehicle that collects money from many investors and buys a portfolio of financial instruments on their behalf.

NASDAQ refers to the Nasdaq Stock Market, a major electronic US stock exchange known for listing technology, growth, and innovation companies.

The NASDAQ-100 is a US stock index tracking the 100 largest non-financial companies listed on the Nasdaq stock exchange, weighted by a modified market-capitalisation method.

Natural gas is a fossil fuel made up mainly of methane that is burned for heating, electricity generation, and industrial use, and it trades as a separate energy commodity from crude oil.

The Nikkei 225 index is Japan's leading stock-market benchmark.

NOK/SEK is the rate between the Norwegian krone and the Swedish krona, telling you how many krona one krone will buy.

NZD/CAD sets the New Zealand dollar against the Canadian dollar, telling you how many Canadian dollars one New Zealand dollar is worth.

NZD/CHF is the exchange rate between the New Zealand dollar and the Swiss franc, showing how many francs one New Zealand dollar will buy.

NZD/JPY shows how many Japanese yen one New Zealand dollar will buy.

NZD/SEK sets the New Zealand dollar against the Swedish krona and shows how many krona one New Zealand dollar will buy.

NZD/SGD is the exchange rate between the New Zealand dollar and the Singapore dollar, showing how many Singapore dollars one New Zealand dollar will buy.

NZD/USD is the exchange rate between the New Zealand dollar and the US dollar, showing how many US dollars one New Zealand dollar will buy.

NISA is Japan's tax-free investment account scheme, formally the Nippon Individual Savings Account.

Negotiable is a financial term for an instrument whose ownership can be transferred from one party to another, so the right to receive payment moves to the new holder.

Net income is the profit a company keeps after subtracting every expense from total revenue.

Net profit margin is a profitability ratio that shows how much of each unit of revenue a company keeps as net income.

Net working capital is the difference between a company's current assets and its current liabilities.

Nominal is a value or rate stated in current money terms, with no adjustment for inflation.

A nominee is a person or institution that holds legal title to an asset on behalf of someone else.

Offer is the lowest price a seller will accept for an instrument, and it is the price at which you buy.

OPEC is the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, an intergovernmental group of oil-producing nations that coordinates petroleum policy and discusses crude oil market conditions.

OPEC+ is a wider alliance of oil-producing countries that brings together the members of OPEC, the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, with allied producers such as Russia to coordinate crude output.

Open is the first traded price of an instrument at the start of a session or chart period.

An option is a contract that gives the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an underlying asset at a set price by a set date.

An order is an instruction you send to a broker or trading platform to buy or sell an instrument.

An order book is a real-time list of the buy and sell orders waiting at each price for an instrument.

Operating income is the profit a company earns from its core business operations, before interest and tax.

Operating margin is a profitability ratio that measures the percentage of revenue a company keeps as operating profit.

P/E ratio (price-to-earnings ratio) is a stock valuation metric that compares a company's share price with its earnings per share.

Palladium is a rare precious metal used mainly in catalytic converters for petrol vehicles, where it helps reduce harmful exhaust emissions.

Parity is a state in which two financial values are equal or economically equivalent.

A penny stock is a share in a small company that trades at a very low price, often below USD 1 and, under some definitions, below USD 5.

A pip is the standard unit of price movement in the forex market.

A pivot point is a support and resistance level calculated from the previous period's high, low, and close.

Platinum is a rare precious metal valued for its resistance to corrosion and its heavy use in industry, particularly in vehicle catalytic converters.

A point is a unit that measures how far the price of an instrument has moved.

POLUSD is the market symbol for POL, the native token of the Polygon network, priced in US dollars.

A position is the amount of a financial instrument a trader currently holds in an account.

A precious metal is a naturally occurring metal that holds high economic value because it is rare, durable, and used across investment, industry, and jewellery.

A price-weighted index is a stock index in which each company's influence is set by its share price, so higher-priced shares move the index more regardless of how large the underlying companies are.

A private key is a secret number that proves ownership of cryptocurrency and authorises its movement on a blockchain.

A public key is a cryptographic value, derived from a private key, that lets others send you cryptocurrency and lets the network verify your transactions.

A portfolio is the full set of financial instruments a trader or investor holds.

A quote is the current price at which a financial instrument can be bought or sold.

Quick ratio is a liquidity metric that measures whether a company can cover its current liabilities using only its most liquid assets.

A rally is a strong, sustained rise in the price of an instrument or market.

A range is the gap between the highest and lowest price an instrument reaches over a set period.

A reversal is a change in the direction of a price trend.

A rights issue is a corporate action that lets existing shareholders buy new shares in proportion to their current holding, usually at a discount to the market price.

Risk assessment is the process of identifying and measuring how much you could lose on a trade before you open it.

Risk management is the overall process of controlling how much of your capital is exposed to loss across your trading.

Risk mitigation is the set of specific actions you take to reduce the potential loss on a position.

A rollover is the process of extending an open position past its original expiry or settlement date.

Rate of return is the percentage gain or loss on an investment over a set period, measured against what was originally paid.

A recession is a broad, sustained decline in economic activity that runs longer than a brief slowdown.

A reserve is a pool of funds or assets that a company, bank, or government sets aside instead of spending it now.

The S&P 500 is the headline US stock index, tracking around 500 of the largest companies listed on US exchanges and weighted by free-float market capitalisation.

The S&P/ASX 200 is Australia's headline stock index, tracking the top 200 companies listed on the Australian Securities Exchange and weighted by float-adjusted market capitalisation.

A safe-haven asset is an investment that tends to hold or gain value during market stress, when investors move money out of riskier holdings.

A satoshi is the smallest unit of Bitcoin, equal to one hundred-millionth of a single bitcoin.

SGD/JPY converts the Singapore dollar into Japanese yen, showing how many yen one Singapore dollar is worth.

A share is a unit of ownership in a company.

A share price is the amount it costs to buy one share of a company at a given moment.

Silver is a precious metal traded both as an investment and as an industrial raw material, valued for its conductivity, reflectivity, and relative scarcity.

SOLUSD is the market symbol for Solana (SOL) priced in US dollars, where SOL is the native token of the Solana blockchain and USD is the US dollar.

The spot gold price is the current market price to buy or sell gold for immediate delivery, quoted per troy ounce in US dollars.

A stablecoin is a cryptocurrency designed to hold a steady value by pegging itself to a reference asset, most often a fiat currency such as the US dollar.

A stock CFD is a contract for difference that tracks the price of a single company's share.

A stock split is a corporate action that increases a company's share count by dividing each existing share into several, while lowering the share price in the same proportion.

A store of value is an asset that holds its purchasing power over time, so it can be saved and exchanged for goods later without losing much worth.

Scalping is a short-term trading strategy that aims to profit from small price moves by opening and closing positions very quickly.

A seller is a market participant who offers a financial instrument for sale.

Short is a position that profits when the price of an instrument falls.

A short put is an options position created by selling, or writing, a put option.

Short selling is the practice of selling an asset you do not own, having borrowed it, in order to profit if its price falls.

Slippage is the difference between the price you expected when you placed an order and the price the order actually filled at.

A spike is a sudden, sharp move in price, volume, or volatility over a short period.

Spot is the buying or selling of a financial instrument for immediate delivery at the current market price, known as the spot price.

Spread is the difference between the bid price, the highest price a buyer will pay, and the ask price, the lowest price a seller will accept.

Spread betting is a leveraged derivative that lets you speculate on whether a market will rise or fall without owning the underlying asset, such as a stock, index, forex pair, commodity, or bond.

A stop loss is an order that closes an open position once the market reaches a price you set in advance.

A swap is a contract in which two parties exchange cash flows or financial obligations on agreed terms.

A ticker symbol is the short code that identifies a listed security on a stock exchange.

A troy ounce is the standard unit of weight for precious metals, equal to about 31.1035 grams.

TRUMPUSD is the market symbol for Official Trump (TRUMP) priced in US dollars, where TRUMP is a memecoin issued on the Solana network and USD is the US dollar.

A take profit is an order that closes an open position once it reaches a profit level you set in advance.

Technical analysis is a method of studying markets through past price movement, chart patterns, volume, and technical indicators.

A tick is the smallest price increment by which an instrument can move.

Trading is the buying and selling of financial instruments to profit from price movements, and a trader is the person who does it.

A trailing stop is a stop-loss order that follows the market at a fixed distance, set as a number of points, pips, or a percentage.

A trendline is a straight line drawn on a price chart to show the direction of a trend.

Time value of money is the principle that a sum of money is worth more today than the same sum in the future.

UNIUSD is the market symbol for Uniswap (UNI) priced in US dollars, where UNI is the governance token of the Uniswap decentralised exchange and USD is the US dollar.

USD/CAD is the exchange rate between the US dollar and the Canadian dollar, showing how many Canadian dollars one US dollar will buy.

USD/CHF is the exchange rate between the US dollar and the Swiss franc, showing how many francs one dollar will buy.

USD/CNH is the exchange rate between the US dollar and the offshore Chinese renminbi, showing how many offshore renminbi one US dollar will buy.

USD/CZK is the exchange rate between the US dollar and the Czech koruna, showing how many koruna one dollar will buy.

USD/DKK is the exchange rate between the US dollar and the Danish krone, showing how many kroner one dollar will buy.

USD/HKD is the exchange rate between the US dollar and the Hong Kong dollar, showing how many Hong Kong dollars one US dollar will buy.

USD/JPY is the exchange rate between the US dollar and the Japanese yen, showing how many yen one dollar will buy.

USD/MXN is the exchange rate between the US dollar and the Mexican peso, showing how many pesos one US dollar will buy.

USD/NOK measures the US dollar against the Norwegian krone, telling you how many kroner one dollar will buy.

USD/SEK is the price of the US dollar in Swedish kronor, showing how many kronor one dollar will buy.

USD/SGD is the exchange rate between the US dollar and the Singapore dollar, showing how many Singapore dollars one US dollar will buy.

USD/TRY pairs the US dollar with the Turkish lira and shows how many lira one dollar will buy.

USD/ZAR is the exchange rate between the US dollar and the South African rand, showing how many rand one US dollar will buy.

Upside is the potential upward move in the price of an instrument, or the profit that move could produce.

A value stock is a share that trades at a low price relative to the company's fundamentals, such as its earnings, assets, or book value.

The VIX is the Cboe Volatility Index, a measure of the expected 30-day volatility of the S&P 500 implied by the prices of its options.

Volatility is a measure of how much and how fast the price of an instrument moves over a given period.

Volume is the total amount of an instrument traded over a set period.

Valuation is the process of estimating the worth of an asset, business, security, or investment.

A variable cost is a business expense that changes in direct proportion to a company's level of activity.

A warrant is a security that gives the holder the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an underlying share at a set price before a set expiry date.

WTI, or West Texas Intermediate, is the main US benchmark for crude oil, known as a light and sweet grade because it has low density and low sulphur content.

The WTI-Brent spread is the price difference between West Texas Intermediate (WTI), the US crude benchmark, and Brent, the international benchmark.

WTIUSD is the market symbol for West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil priced in US dollars per barrel.

Wall Street is a metonym for the US financial industry and the markets it runs.

A weighted average is an average that gives each value a different level of importance, set by a weight, before the figures are combined.

Withholding tax is tax deducted from a payment at source, before the money reaches the recipient.

XAGUSD is the market symbol for silver priced in US dollars, where XAG represents one troy ounce of silver and USD is the US dollar.

XAUUSD is the market symbol for gold priced in US dollars, where XAU represents one troy ounce of gold and USD is the US dollar.

XBRUSD is the market symbol for Brent crude oil priced in US dollars per barrel.

XLMUSD is the market symbol for Stellar lumens (XLM) priced in US dollars, where XLM is the native asset of the Stellar payment network and USD is the US dollar.

XRPUSD is the market symbol for XRP priced in US dollars, where XRP is the digital asset native to the XRP Ledger and USD is the US dollar.

XTZUSD is the market symbol for Tezos (XTZ) priced in US dollars, where XTZ is the native token of the Tezos blockchain and USD is the US dollar.

Z-Score is a metric that estimates how close a company is to financial distress or bankruptcy.

Zakat is an obligatory form of almsgiving in Islam and one of the religion's core duties.